编号 5 (2025)

One of the promising areas of crop production, focused on improving product quality and minimizing the negative human impact on the environment, is biologization, which is a global trend in the development of agricultural production. Biologization of crop production involves a transition to resource-saving technologies for soil cultivation, the use of crop rotation, green manure, organic fertilizers and biological plant protection products. This comprehensive, environmentally responsible approach requires precision and efficiency at all stages – from monitoring the condition of farmland to harvesting. Thanks to the development of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and the use of their obvious advantages, the biologization of crop production can receive additional impetus. The article discusses the main possibilities of using UAS in the biologization of crop production: monitoring the condition of lands and crops, sowing seeds, introducing biological plant protection products, biological products, spraying, etc. It is shown that the introduction of UAS into domestic crop production is not just a technological update of one of the priority sectors of agriculture, but a strategically important step towards increasing its productivity and efficiency. The authors come to the conclusion that the fullest use of the potential of BAS for the biologization of domestic crop production is possible only with the support of the state by creating favorable conditions for the development of this area and providing agricultural producers with access to the necessary resources and modern technologies.

We have studied the effect of organomineral fertilizers on the growth and development of soybean plants grown in closed artificial soil and agregatoponics conditions, in a phytotron. The technological scheme of cultivation traditionally used seed inoculation with bacterial strains of the genus Bradyrhizobium, as well as the introduction of a starting dose of N₁₆P₂₀K₂₇ into the substrate. The novelty of the proposed fertilizing agricultural technology is the additional enrichment of the nutrient substrate with a new type of organic fertilizer obtained from the excrement of black soldier fly larvae (zoccomposi). The experiment included 36 options. The vegetation period was 20 days. Inoculation and NPK addition were the key drivers of plant growth, mineral fertilizer was the best catalyst for increasing plant biomass (p < 0.001), bacteria – for height (p < 0.001). The type of selection of zoccomposi was also important (p = 0.006) as an additional trigger for accumulation of essential elements in biomass. Water extract was more effective than alkaline extract when combined with NPK. Without NPK, on the contrary, alkaline extract of zoccomposi showed the best result. The maximum values of biomass and plant height were recorded with the combined use of inoculation, mineral fertilizer and zoccomposi with sediment (without centrifugation) obtained during alkaline extraction, regardless of the sterilization process (options 22 and 26). Option 22 was characterized by the highest total accumulation of biogenic elements. At the same time, the neural network analysis method used by the authors, based on the assessment of the ratio of mass–accumulative and biochemical processes, showed a different result. The best level of internal metabolism associated with the action of bacteria and/or taking into account the NPK factor was found here for the group of variants 15-16/33-34, using an aqueous extract of zoccomposi (sterilized/without centrifugation). The results of the study demonstrate the prospects of growing soybeans in these conditions for the development of breeding programs and evaluation of the nutritional regime of organic sprouts when creating new stress-resistant varieties.

Despite the morphogenetic differences in the rootstocks, quince seedlings are of exceptional interest in obtaining dwarf precocious graft-roostock combinations with pear cultivars in intensive horticulture. The selection and application of various technological methods for improving the quality of seed rootstocks will increase the efficiency of their production. Study goal – to evaluate the effect of various bedding materials consisting of organic and mineral components that favor the soil structure for improving the quality of quince seedlings of VNIISPK breeding. The results of the work will improve the quality of seed stocks for pears and increase the efficiency of their production in a nursery. Methods – All studies were carried out in 2023 – 2024 at the VNIISPK nursery using sand, biohumus, agroperlite and sphagnum moss as bedding material for sowing quince seeds in a 5 cm layer in the base of artificial ridges. The research methodology consisted of observations and records conducted with research objects on mother plants in the mother and seed orchard and in the nursery. The work with quince seedlings was carried out in a nursery using greenhouses without shelter (artificial ridges). All records and observations were carried out in accordance with "Program and methodology of fruit, berry and nut variety study" (Orel, 1999). Scientific novelty – in the conditions of the central part of Russia, the potential of common quince of VNIISPK breeding as a dwarf seed stock of intensive type for cultivating pear cultivars is being studied for the first time. Results – In 2024, it was established that the quality of seed quince stocks was improved in nursery conditions when sown in artificial beds using a mixture of perlite, biohumus and sand in a ratio of 1:1:1 applied to the base of the rows with a layer of 5 cm as the underlying material.

Providing the country with domestic potato seeds is a strategic task. One of the promising methods for obtaining and propagating high-quality virus-free potato seed stock is clonal micropropagation. Numerous studies have determined the key role of the chemical composition of the nutrient medium for obtaining microtubers, a necessary condition for the creation of which is maintaining the balance of macronutrients. Of great importance in intensifying the process of plant reproduction in vitro is the selection of the optimal composition of nutrient media, including hormonal substances and growth regulators. Studies conducted in the global community show a high responsiveness of potato microplants to the simultaneous introduction of two hormones or growth regulators into the medium, for example, indoleacetic and gibberellic acids, 6-benzylaminopurine and kinetin. To increase the reproduction rate, stimulants are used; the positive effect of such preparations as Poteytin, Reggie, Agromix, etc. has been established. The role of vitamins in the growth and development of potato micro plants has been shown: vitamin B₁ enhances root growth, vitamin C controls the flow of water into cells, nicotinic acid determines oxidation-reduction processes inside cells. One of the effective methods for improving the technology of clonal micropropagation is the inoculation of micro plants with cultures of rhizospheric bacteria, bacteria of the genus Azospirillum, Streptomyces, etc. An important stage in obtaining high-quality virus-free material is its sterilization before introducing it into in vitro culture; chemicals are most often used for this. Separate work is carried out in the field of inhibition of plant growth using chemicals of various natures and hormones to preserve a collection of micro plants for a long period.

The results of a study on the resistance of corn varieties and hybrids of various origins to Helminthosporium turcicum and fusarium ear blight in the Khabarovsk Territory, conducted in 2020–2024. The intensity of development and the level of resistance were determined by generally accepted methods. The level of development of Helminthosporium turcicum ranged from 14.5–17.9 to 53.9–73.9%. The average level of fusarium ear blight development over the years of research was 5.0% with signs present in 20.0% of plants. To create varieties of corn with high resistance to Helminthosporium turcicum, the following varieties can be included in the selection process: Korn 180, Guran 2, Mira 22, R 7515, R 7460, Vilora, Prokhdadnensky 175 SV, ROSS 140 SV, Inunyui 10, Inunyui 14, Inunyui 15. Sources of resistance to fusarium mycoses in the conditions of the region can be the varieties Baikal, Mashuk 171, Taganay, Shikhan, K 150, Bitzr 160 and K 170, and the Chinese varieties Inunyui 10, Inunyui 14 and Inunyui 15. Hybrids of Chinese selection Inunyui 10, Inunyui 14 and Inunyui 15 had complex resistance to the main phytopathogens of corn and increased yield of green mass in the conditions of the region. Hybrids K 170 and Shihan combined high yield and resistance to fusarium ear blight.

The analysis of modern challenges of water resources use in irrigated agriculture under conditions of growing population, developing production, climate change is carried out, and the state of water use management in the domestic reclamation water management complex is characterized. The prospect of application of digital twin technologies as an effective approach to optimization of water use management in inter-farm irrigation system is substantiated. The concept of digital twin control model as a basis for use in the practice of reclamation water management complex operation service is presented. The purpose of creating a digital twin model for water management in inter-farm irrigation systems is to ensure efficient and sustainable systemic water use based on optimizing water distribution and water consumption, increasing agricultural land productivity, and reducing the negative impact on the agricultural landscape. The list of model tasks includes: modeling of water use processes; optimization; monitoring and analysis of the control system state in real time; analysis and assessment of the impact of external factors; forecasting; decision-making support and generation of alternative scenarios for water use management; efficiency assessment; algorithm development; sensitivity analysis and identification of critical factors; integration with other systems. The structure of the model of digital twin of the process of water use management of inter-farm irrigation systems is proposed and the structural-functional scheme "Digital twin of the process of management of technical operation of irrigation system" is developed, the central link of which is the model of technical operation optimization as a special case of the model of water use optimization.

The paper presents the results of studying the relationships between the values of the selection control indicators of milk quality, reflecting the intensity and balance of metabolic processes, udder health with milk productivity of Kholmogory cows in the Arkhangelsk region. In animals, under the same feeding and housing conditions, in monthly milk samples (n = 3861) taken during 2024, the content of the mass fraction of fat, protein, lactose, dry matter, dry non-fat milk residue, freezing point values and the number of somatic cells were analyzed. Considering that a significant increase in the functional activity of the mammary glands during lactation of cows increases the risk of developing inflammatory processes in them that disrupt milk secretion, we have established threshold values for the number of somatic cells accompanying reliable changes in the content of quality indicators in milk. Even with the somatic cell count in the range of 100–300 thousand/ml (167,85 ± 2,27 thousand/ml), a decrease in the lactose level (p < 0.001) and dry skimmed milk residue (p < 0.05) was noted with an increase in the mass fraction of protein (p < 0.001) and the mass fraction of fat (p < 0.05) and a decrease in daily milk yield by 2.56 kg (p < 0.001) – 9.54%. The identified reliable changes in the quality indicators and their ratios in the milk of Kholmogory cows at threshold values of the number of somatic cells can act as additional markers in the diagnosis of the latent subclinical form of mastitis, which is important for the timely diagnosis and restoration of the health of dairy cows.

Dairy and milk production is an important branch of agriculture. The basis for high productivity and health of dairy cows is the rearing of calves and young animals. Especially in the first six months of life, the feeding intensity of calves should allow them to use their growth potential. To prevent animal obesity, moderate feeding is recommended at the age of two, especially in the period close to calving. Insufficient feeding during the period of rearing calves and overfeeding of young animals at the age of two are common problems. Deficiencies in the development of body weight are compensated by growth in the second year of life. Since this is associated with an increase in fat reserves, this growth is not considered favorable. Breeding method determines the time of the first mating and the age of the first calving, which are economic indicators in the breeding of young cattle. Therefore, the desired target value in the breeding of young animals is determined according to the principle of dependence on the initial age of calving. Based on this, the necessary time for artificial insemination is determined, and at this time the live weight should be within 400–420 kg. This live weight is achieved over a certain period of time by the corresponding daily weight gain. Any weight gain should be controlled by special feeding. When calculating the age of first calving, the availability of strong and roughage feed, minerals, vitamins, etc., farming and business conditions play a major role. Breeding costs, which are one of the three largest cost items in milk production, are considered the main factor.

At the present stage, the Machine System must once again fulfill the role of a system-forming factor in the development of agricultural machinery and agriculture in general, in order to properly target and combine the efforts of scientists, designers, and test engineers to create new domestic import-substituting and high-performance equipment. In the livestock industries of Russia and Belarus, there is a high import dependence on machinery and equipment, especially for large dairy farms: Karusei milking parlors, self-propelled feed mixers, equipment for processing and preparing manure for use, milking robots, etc., which makes the problem of their reproduction and the creation of domestic analogues within the Union State urgent. The research was carried out in order to develop scientific, methodological, organizational and technical measures for the development of R&D and the creation of a joint Russian-Belarusian machine System for animal husbandry and agriculture in general. After analyzing Rossiat data on the production of machinery and equipment for animal husbandry and the main R&D problems, system solutions were proposed related to the development and creation of high-tech equipment, electronic, electrical and optical components, specialized interdisciplinary laboratories for robotics and artificial intelligence technologies, etc. As a result of segmentation and detailing of the existing structure of the Machine System, the level of technological import dependence of the industry is proposed, showing the ratio of machines and aggregates produced in Russia and Belarus to the total number of machines produced for the development of the industry, including imports. Based on the mathematical apparatus of set theory and the algebra of logic, mathematical models are proposed for building a unified system of machines that reduce the common elements repeated in it and the total cost of its development, creation and development in production by strengthening coordination and concentration of research and development on the most important and relevant areas of import substitution in the livestock and agriculture sectors in general.