From the perspective of importance of Arctic territories in the life of modern civilization the article considers the historical conditions and the results of the formation of polar agriculture in the USSR based on the materials of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District in the period of the 1930s. Based on the careful study of various historical sources, the author determines major factors (including exile of peasants) and means of state policy implementation regarding exploration of the Northern territories. Interdisciplinary method was used for the purposes of this article. This approach allows exploring the topic from different scientific perspectives. The article analyzes the main state policies regarding agricultural development of the arctic region. The paper reviews first farming experience in the region and set up of agricultural institutions. The dynamic of agricultural development is supported by the statistical data. The article also dwells on the role that the Main Administration of the Northern Sea Route played in the economical development of the region. The author discusses such issues as scientific basics of arctic agriculture that played an immense role in organization of sowing in Tundra soil. In this context, the positive significance was the creation of the comprehensive Yamal agricultural station as a division of the Institute of polar agriculture, to carry out a large complex of experimental works to supply the seeds of varieties of cultures, businesses and farms. At the same time the article emphasizes the importance of local agronomist with a passion in promoting agriculture and development in Salekhard - D. M. Chubynina. The establishment of arctic agriculture was due to the peasant exile to Siberia in line with the strategy of the Soviet state for development of Northern territories to extract resources; the creation of national districts in the North were also subject to this global challenge; the example of the Yamal Peninsula can be traced to the implementation of the state policy on agricultural development of Northern territories, designed to provide vegetables to the population that if not to remove, minimize financial burden from the state to provide these territories with food; the administrative resource of the project «Arctic agriculture» made formed in 1932 house, has bigger potential, compared with the Soviet authorities in solving the problems.