Based on the analysis of archival materials and periodical zemstvo publications, the process of documenting the work of zemstvo institutions in the Moscow province in the prevention and control of cholera epidemics in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries is studied, and documents on the activities of individual County zemstvos are considered. Various groups of archival documents from the collections of the Central state archive of Moscow are analyzed, which comprehensively reveal the difficulties of fighting and preventive measures aimed at preserving the health of the population of the Moscow province in the second half of the XIX century – at the beginning of the twentieth century: minutes of meetings of zemstvo assemblies, divisions of the zemstvo responsible for fighting epidemics (first of all, the Sanitary Bureau of the Moscow zemstvo), acts of inspections of the rural population, memoirs of zemstvo doctors, epistolary documents (memories are of primary importance, including personal records of the Governor F.V. Dzhunkovsky, the head of the Moscow zemstvo sanitary Bureau P.I. Kurkin). The results of the formation and development of documentation support for Moscow zemstvo epidemiological medicine in the system of General national health care, aimed at comprehensive protection of public health, its protection and preservation, are summarized. Stressed the paramount importance of the collection of the Moscow provincial Council and district zemstvo in Moscow province, deposited in Central state archive of Moscow, to recreate a complete picture of the formation and development of zemstvo medicine in the Moscow province.