No 3 (2023)

Introduction. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the high significance of measures aimed at combating and preventing the illegal distribution and non-medical use of narcotic substances.

The aim of the study. Show the importance of toxicological monitoring in the drug situation assessment system, identify existing problems and ways to improve it.

Material and methods. Analiysis of the regulatory legal framework regulating the provision of toxicological care to the population and the drug situation monitoring system, analysis of the toxicological monitoring system in St. Petersburg. Statistical and analytical methods along with content analysis were used.

Results. The article presents the contribution of the toxicological service to the drug situation monitoring system in the Russian Federation and identifies a number of organizational problems related to the diagnosis and accounting of acute poisoning with narcotic substances. Proposed the ways of improving toxicological monitoring, which will improve the quality and efficiency of information capturing — organization and equipping with modern diagnostic equipment of toxicological centers (departments) in all subjects of Russian Federation; ensuring the availability of toxicological counseling through the development of a system of regional information and advisory toxicological centers; coordination of poisoning by new narcotic substances and their precursors with the unified coding system ICD-10; development of a control system for filling out registration form No. 58-1/у “Emergency notification of acute poisoning of chemical etiology”; supplement the group “drug poisoning” of Federal Forms of Statistical Observation No. 57 and No. 14 with nosological units - cannabis poisoning (T40.7), LSD poisoning (T40.8), poisoning with other and unspecified psychodisleptics (T40.9); organization of a stationary post of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the basis of toxicological centers, which will allow more effective measures to prevent spread and use of drugs.

Limitations. Regulatory and legal framework in the field of official statistical accounting of acute poisoning with drugs and psychosleptics.

Conclusion. The data obtained in the course of the study will allow improving the system of monitoring the drug situation in the country, conducting a comparative interregional analysis, promptly and objectively evaluating the quality of work on the prevention of illegal distribution and non-medical use of narcotic substances and drug trafficking control.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the Biomedical ethics committee and other documents.

Author contribution:
Shikalova I.A. — the concept and design of the study, the collection and processing of material, statistical analysis, writing the text;
Lodyagin A.N. — study concept and design, editing;
Barsukova I.M. — text writing, editing;
Panov A.M. — collection and processing of material, writing the text, editing;
Sinenchenko A.G. — writing text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Funding. The study was not sponsored.

Received: December 27, 2022 / Accepted: May 26, 2023 / Published: June 30, 2023

Introduction. The article presents an assessment of the functional state of the autonomic nervous system in patients with acute 1,4-butanediol poisoning complicated by withdrawal syndrome using pupillometry. Purpose of the study: to analyze changes in the indicators of the autonomic nervous system in patients with acute 1,4-butanediol poisoning complicated by withdrawal syndrome.

Material and methods. In the course of the work, a prospective examination of 30 patients with acute 1,4-butanediol poisoning, complicated by withdrawal syndrome, aged 19 to 39 years (median age was 25.3 [20.1; 24.9] years) was carried out. All patients were treated at the Center for the Treatment of St. Petersburg I.I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine. Pupullometry was performed using the hardware-software complex KSRZRts-01. Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out in the program Statistica for Windows (version 10).

Results. In the course of the study, patients with acute poisoning with 1,4-butanediol develop a neurovegetative variant of AS, manifested by signs of parasympathicotonia, expressed in changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in the form of irritation of cortical-subcortical structures with rapid exhaustion and instability of the functional tone of cortical neurons, cognitive impairment, ideation and motor retardation, deviations of pupillometry parameters (decrease in the initial pupil diameter and constriction amplitude, increase in the time of onset of the pupillary reaction).

limitations. In the study of the effect of 1,4-butanediol on the indicators of the autonomic nervous system in the course of a prospective examination of 30 male patients of the Center for the Treatment of St. Petersburg I.I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine with acute poisoning by a toxicant, it was found that there were significant changes in the parameters of this system in the withdrawal period.

Conclusion. The indicators revealed during the study prove the predominance of the neurovegetative variant of the withdrawal syndrome with a characteristic change in the bioelectrical activity of the brain, cognitive functions and pupillometry parameters.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the I.I. Dzhanelidze St. Petersburg Research Institute of SP Protocol No. 1 of 12.02.2021.

Author contribution:
Lodyagin A.N. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing the text, editing;
Sinenchenko A.G. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing the text;
Kutsalo A.L. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Batotsyrenov B.V. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Sinenchenko G.I. — concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Kuznetsov S.V. — writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors acknowledge that there are no known conflicts of interest related to this publication.

Funding. The study was not sponsored.

Received: January 23, 2023 / Accepted: May 26, 2023 / Published: June 30, 2023

Introduction. Nanoparticles (NPs) of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and molybdenum oxide (MoO₃) have the potential to be used as an active component of bactericidal agents. At the same time, there is information in the scientific literature about the negative effects of these NPs on organism. Given that, it seems relevant to perform the study and comparative analysis of the toxicity of Al₂O₃ and MoO₃ NPs.

Materials and methods. We examined physical properties of Al₂O₃ NPs and MoO₃ NPs. In an experiment on Wistar rats, peculiarities of bioaccumulation and toxic action at multiply inhalation exposure was researched. 

Results. The examined samples were a nanomaterial judging by such parameters as particle size, shape, surface area and total pore volume. Under exposure to Al₂O₃ NPs, aluminum concentrations were statistically significant increase in the lungs, brain, liver and blood relative to the control; under exposure to MoO₃ NPs — molybdenum concentration in heart, lungs, brain, kidney and blood. Under exposure to MoO₃ NPs, a wider range of negative effects changed relative to the control of biochemical parameters (increased activity of ALP, LDH, concentrations of total and direct bilirubin, urea, creatinine) was established than during exposure to Al₂O₃ NPs (increased activity of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, concentrations direct bilirubin). Pathomorphological changes were identified in the lungs, brain, heart and liver under exposure to Al₂O₃ NPs; in lungs, brain and liver under exposure to MoO₃ NPs in the lungs. However, tissue changes upon exposure to MoO₃ NPs are more pronounced than those upon exposure to Al₂O₃ NPs. 

Limitations. The study involved only multiple inhalation exposure to Al₂O₃ NPs and MoO₃ NPs in an experiment on Wistar rats.

Conclusion. Differences in the toxicokinetics of Al₂O₃ and MoO₃ NPs do not make it possible to single out among them those that are more dangerous for human health, and therefore additional studies are needed.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was accomplished in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123) and requirements of the Local Committee on Ethics of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (the Meeting Report No. 5 and 6 issued on January 20, 2021).

Conflict of interests. The author declares no conflict of interest.

Funding. The research was granted financial support from the federal budget.

Received: December 27, 2022 / Accepted: May 26, 2023 / Published: June 30, 2023

Introduction. In the process of production, storage and application of the representative of new components of solid rocket fuels — γ-polyoxymethylene, its ingress into the water of reservoirs is not excluded, which determines the mandatory assessment of the danger of its single contamination of this ecosystem.

Material and methods. As an object of research, γ-polyoxymethylene (γ-POM, polyformaldehyde, acetal copolymer) was used — a mixture of dimethyl esters of polyoxymethylene glycols — a fine amorphous white powder, CAS registration number 66455-31-0. The empirical formula is CH₃O(CH₂O)_nCH₃ at n = 100–300. It is practically insoluble in water.

Results. It was found that the ecotoxicant content in water at a concentration of 50.0 mg/l led to a change in its transparency. The indicated concentration of γ-POM was determined as a threshold for organoleptic harmfulness.

In the course of studying the effect of the toxicant on the general sanitary regime of reservoirs, in the absence of changes in the indicators of biochemical oxygen consumption, its negative impact on nitrification processes and saprophytic microflora was revealed. The threshold concentration of the substance according to the general sanitary indicator of harmfulness is 3.5 mg/l.

In experiments on laboratory animals, it was noted that a single intragastric administration of the tested xenobiotic in the form of a suspension in a 2.5% solution of aqueous starch caused a significant decrease in heart rate and a change in a number of hematological parameters. The threshold of a single general toxic effect of γ-POM is 90.0 mg/kg.

Limitations of the study. The revealed features of the behavior of γ-polyoxymethylene must be taken into account when it once pollutes the water of reservoirs (in case of an emergency). However, the data obtained are insufficient to substantiate the hygienic standard of the connection in the water of water bodies.

Conclusion. The results of the performed experiments indicate that a single ingress of γ-polyoxymethylene into the water represents an ecological and toxicological hazard registered for all three basic signs of harmfulness, which is taken into account when justifying its maximum permissible concentration in the water of reservoirs.

Compliance with ethical standards. The studies were carried out in accordance with the requirements of good laboratory practice.

Contribution:
Maslennikov A.A. — research concept and design, analysis of results, writing text;
Demidova S.A. — planning and execution of research;
Ilchenko O.I. — statistical data processing;
Antonov V.A. — editing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Acknowledgements. The study was conducted within the framework of a State contract on the topic “Development of hygienic standards, regulatory and methodological documents regulating the implementation of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the production of solid rocket fuels”.

Received: January 23, 2023 / Accepted: May 26, 2023 / Published: June 30, 2023

Introduction. Z-drugs are a group of “non-benzodiazepine” drugs with the main mode of action regulating sleep behavior in humans through exposure to GABA receptors. There are reports indicating the toxic effects of overdose and abuse of zaleplon. However, information on the effect of Z-drugs on neurotransmitter levels is scarce.

The aim of this study was to study the effect of zaleplon exposure on neurotransmitter levels in the larvae of Danio fish using targeted metabolomics.

Material and methods. 4-hour exposure to zaleplon in concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/l was carried out on the larvae of Danio fish. Intervention groups were compared with control groups. Each group consisted of 20 larvae of Danio fish. Neurotransmitters and their metabolites were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).

Results. Twenty-two metabolites associated with neurotransmission were quantified. Significantly increased metabolites were tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, acetylserotonin, epinephrine and choline. Significantly reduced metabolites were 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-methoxytryptamine, dopamine, normetanephrine, metanephrine, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykinurenine, anthranilic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid.

Limitation. When studying metabolic changes in neurotransmitters and toxic effects in Danio fish, the results of a group of 20 larvae were analyzed, which is a sufficient sample to state the results obtained.

Conclusion. Exposure to zaleplon caused metabolic changes in the concentrations of neurotransmitters associated with most major neurotransmitter systems.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents, as the study was conducted on fish embryos in accordance with SIS 33774-2016 “Testing chemicals that pose a danger to the environment. Acute toxicity of fish embryos (FET)”.

Author contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Funding. The study was not sponsored.

Received: December 27, 2022 / Accepted: May 26, 2023 / Published: June 30, 2023

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7 июля 2023 г. исполнилось 75 лет со дня рождения доктора медицинских наук, профессора, главного научного сотрудника ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора Ларисы Ивановны Приваловой.

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