Rifting in the Paleoproterozoic Onega Basin: geochemistry of volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Zaonega Formation

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Abstract

The study of the volcanogenic-sedimentary sequence in the lower part of the Zaonega Formation in the Paleoproterozoic Onega structure (Karelian craton, Fennoscandian Shield) has shown that tuffs and high-silica rocks predominate in its composition. High-silica rocks (SiO2 up to 94 wt. %) are depleted of all elements and probably representing chemogenic siliceous silt. Tuff rocks are close to N-MORB basalts in terms of major element content and rare element distribution character. This association is common to the early stages of continental rifting in the Phanerozoic and may indicate the formation of volcanogenic-sedimentary complexes of the Zaonega Formation in the environment of continental rifting. The mafic rocks in the lower part of the Zaonega Formation are geochemically identical to dolerite dikes and N-MORB-type basalts of 2.10–2.14 Ga age. Their formation was probably related to the same episode of large-scale stretching and thinning of the continental lithosphere of the Karelian craton in the mid–Paleoproterozoic. In this case, the age limit of the Zaonega and underlying Tulomozero Formations should be somewhat older than the 2.06–2.10 Ga interval accepted in modern regional stratigraphic schemes of the Paleoproterozoic of Fennoscandian shield.

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About the authors

A. V. Samsonov

Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: samsonovigem@mail.ru

Corresponding member of the RAS

Russian Federation, Moscow; Petrozavodsk

A. V. Stepanova

Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: samsonovigem@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk

M. Yu. Guschina

Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences; Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: samsonovigem@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk; Moscow

O. M. Silaeva

Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences; Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: samsonovigem@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk; Moscow

K. G. Erofeeva

Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: samsonovigem@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow; Petrozavodsk

V. V. Ustinova

Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: samsonovigem@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk

O. A. Maksimov

Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: samsonovigem@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk

L. R. Zhdanova

Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg state university

Email: samsonovigem@mail.ru

Institute of Earth sciences

Russian Federation, Petrozavodsk; St. Petersburg

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2. Fig. 1. (a) – diagram of the geological structure of the Onega structure (according to [1] with simplifications); (b) – general stratigraphic scale of Paleoproterozoic complexes of the Karelian craton with details for Ludikov (according to [2]); (c) – detailed geological scheme of the Lebeschina site.

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3. Fig. 2. Structure of the volcanogenic-sedimentary pack and textural features of rocks at the base of the section of the upper sub-formation of the Zaonezhskaya formation using the example of the OneG23-2 reference site; (a, b) photographs of outcrops. The numbers in the photos correspond to the numbers of the grinders; (c) photographs of rock grindings. Explanations in the text.

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4. Fig. 3. Features of the chemical composition of volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks of the Lebeschina site. Classification diagrams based on: (a) – [12]; (b) – [13]; (c) – [14]; (d–i) – variations in the contents of petrogenic elements relative to SiO2; (k) – multielement spectra of rock compositions at the base of the section of the upper sub-formation of the Zaonezhskaya formation at the Lebeschina site (Fig. 1, oneG22 samples); (l) – data on the OneG23-2 site, the position of the samples is shown in Fig. 2. In the multi-element diagrams, the concentrations of elements are normalized according to the primitive mantle [15]. The spectra for N-MORB and D-MORB are based on the average values from [16].

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5. Fig. 4. Discriminatory petrotectonic diagrams for the main rocks: (a, b) according to [19]; (c) according to [20]; (d) multielement diagrams for volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks of the Lebeschina site with a field of dolerite and basalt dikes with an age of 2.10–2.14 billion years in the Karelian craton according to [7, 8]. Normalization of the primitive mantle according to [15].

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