The article is devoted to the analysis of the origins and content of the “kulturkampf” policy initiated by the German Reich Chancellor in the 1870s. The “Struggle for Culture” played a decisive role not only in the formation of the Center party as one of the most influential political parties of the Reichstag in the second half of the 19th century, but also in the history of Germany as a whole. The political orientation of the first German Reich Chancellor towards the strong secular state controlling and limiting church structures was initially in favor of the empire united in 1871 and in line with the trends of the times. But the Reich Chancellor’s harsh, restrictive laws led to police arbitrariness and infringement on the Catholic population of the German Empire. The author identifies the main reasons that led to the persecution and repression of the Catholic minority of the German Empire. The problems of the unification of the German Empire, particularism, federalism, ultramontanism and confessional conflicts are considered in close connection with the topic under study. The research is based on the works of Russian and German researchers and on the legislative acts of Prussia and the German Empire. In addition, the materials of parliamentary debates presented in the verbatim records of the Reichstag and extracts from the memoirs of contemporaries of the event were used.
Otto fon Bismark, kul'turkampf, partikulyarizm, ul'tramontanstvo, katolicizm, protestantizm, liberalizm, duhovenstvo, Germanskaya imperiya
1. Bespalova L.N. Politicheskie partii kak resurs dlya social'nogo reformirovaniya Germanii v 70-e gody XIX veka // Vestnik Nizhnevartovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2019. № 3. S. 23–32. https://doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/19-3/04
2. Bismark O. Izbrannye rechi Bismarka do uchrezhdeniya Severo-Germanskogo soyuza (1847–1867). SPb., 1898. 168 s.
3. Gradovskiy A.D. Gosudarstvo i cerkov' v Prussii. Pyatnadcat' let «kul'turkampfa», 1870–1886 gody // Vestnik Evropy. 1886. № 7. S. 151–198.
4. Istoriya Evropy. T. V. Ot Francuzskoy revolyucii konca XVIII veka do Pervoy mirovoy voyny. M., 2000. 676 s.
5. Loskutova V.N. Nemeckie konservatory v zerkale otechestvennoy istoriografii // Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2015. № 1. S. 126–129.
6. Ol'hovskaya O.V. Partiya «Centr» v Germanii 70-h godov XIX veka: organizaciya, ideologiya, politicheskaya praktika: Dis. ... kand. ist. nauk. Bryansk, 2014. 204 s.
7. Patrushev A.I. Germanskaya istoriya. M., 2003. 256 s.
8. Chubinskiy V.V. Bismark: Politicheskaya biografiya. SPb. 1988. 416 s.
9. Bismarck O.V. Fürst Bismarck ALS Redner. Vollständige Sammlung der parlamentarischen Reden Bismarcks seit dem Jahre 1847, mit Einleitungen und Erläuterungen. Bd. 6. Der Kulturkampf 1871–1873. Berlin, 1888.
10. Brügmann A. Roms Kampf um den Menschen: Grundlagen katholischer Politik im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert. 1939.
11. Rüdorff H. Strafgesetzbuch für das Deutsche Reich: mit Commentar. Guttentag, 1871.
12. Franz-Willing G. Kulturkampf: Staat und katholische Kirche in Mitteleuropa von der Säkularisation bis zum Abschluss des preussischen Kulturkampfes. 1954.
13. Gesetz betreffend die Beaufsichtigung des Unterrichts- und Erziehungswesens vom 11. März 1872 // Preußische Gesetz-Sammlung. 1872. № 1. 183 p. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112342343-002
14. Hartung F. Deutsche Geschichte 1871–1919. Stuttgart, 1939. 446 pp.
15. Nipperdey T. Deutsche Geschichte. Bd. II. Machtstaat vor der Demokratie. 1866–1918. München, 948 s. https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406704659
16. Reichensperger P. Kulturkampf oder Friede in Staat und Kirche. Berlin, 1876. 859 s. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-94485-7_1
17. Ritter A. G. The Sozial Basis of the German Political Parties, 1867–1920 // Elections, Parties and Political Traditions. Sozial Foundations of German Parties and Party Systems, 1867–1986. N.Y., 1990.
18. Ritter G.A. Das Deutsche Kaiserreich. Göttingen, 1975.
19. Wehler H.U. Das Deutsche Kaiserreich, 1871–1918. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1988. Vol. 9. P. 12–14.
20. Wehler H.U. Krisenherde des Kaiserreichs Göttingen, 1979.
