The territory of the South Urals is considered to be an ecotone, with forest ecosystems, including the ones in Orenburg Region, differing from those in the European Russia, Siberia, the Far East etc. In the absence of agriculture, meadow steppe vegetation remains the major background of the forest-steppe zone, alternating with deciduous forest areas. The region locates the borders of natural distribution of some tree and shrud species of forest phytocenoses. The territory is regularly exposed to air, soil, water and groundwater pollution. The ecological situation observed in Orenburg Region is extremely unfavorable due to high content of heavy metals in rocks and groundwater and acute technogenic load. Technogenic land pollution leads to an increased number of territories contaminated with industrial wastes, petroleum and petroleum products, heavy metals, pesticides and other toxic substances, which creates extreme and critical conditions for trees and shrubs and overall forest ecosystems. Forest plantations are weakened and stressed, with low resistance and little selfregulation capacity. Presently, Orenburg Region forests contain various leaf-and needle-eating insects (nun moths, pine moths, pine falsesawflies, lackey moths, buth-tip moths, oak red-barred tortix moths, yellow-grey spring moths (Monima pulverulenta), satin moths, great winter moths, poplar geomedrid moths, red tail moths, lesser swallow prominents). At the same time, such insects as gypsy moths, brown-tail moths, oak green moths, pine sawfly and star sawfly are reproducing on massive scale in the conditions of the South Urals part of Orenburg Region, which are unique because the area was exposed to intensive negative impact of industrial, mining and radiation pollution (effect from the nuclear explosion at Totsky facility), conversion of natural landscapes into agricultural landscapes, and the fact that the area lies on the borders between semi-desert and steppe, and steppe and forest steppe. Under such conditions, forests are characterized by mass outbreaks of insect pest reproduction.
ekoton, narushennaya ustoychivost', fillofagi, bolezni, zagryaznenie okruzhayuschey sredy
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