Роль сиртуинов в клеточном старении и развитии возраст-ассоциированных заболеваний

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Аннотация

Рост доли населения старшей возрастной категории – необратимая глобальная тенденция. С увеличением числа исследований растет уверенность в том, что классические возраст-ассоциированные заболевания и гериатрические состояния имеют общий набор базовых биологических механизмов. Многие эндогенные молекулы противодействуют механизмам клеточного старения. На сегодняшний день выявлен ряд антивозрастных молекул, роль которых была оценена в патофизиологии различных заболеваний. В качестве потенциальных факторов, замедляющих старение, рассматриваются НАД-зависимые протеиндеацетилазы и АДФ-рибозилтрансферазы из семейства сиртуинов. Сиртуины связаны с антиоксидантными и окислительными стрессовыми реакциями, регуляцией функции митохондрий, восстановлением повреждений ДНК и метаболизмом. Сиртуины и сопряженные сигнальные каскады регуляторной сети клеточного старения оказывают значительное влияние на развитие возраст-ассоциированных заболеваний. В обзоре приведены результаты комплексного анализа результатов фундаментальных и клинических исследований с целью актуализации теоретического взгляда на роль сиртуинов в процессах клеточного старения и в развитии возраст-ассоциированных заболеваний. Представлены данные о механизмах клеточного старения, функции сиртуинов (SIRT1–7), их взаимодействии с ключевыми регуляторами сигнальных каскадов клеточного старения и данные по ассоциации полиморфных вариантов генов сиртуинов с развитием многофакторных заболеваний и продолжительностью жизни.

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В. А. Маркелов

Уфимский федеральный исследовательский центр Российской академии наук; Башкирский государственный медицинский университет

Email: guly_kory@mail.ru

Институт биохимии и генетики

Россия, 450054, Уфа; 450008, Уфа

Л. З. Ахмадишина

Уфимский федеральный исследовательский центр Российской академии наук; Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет

Email: guly_kory@mail.ru

Институт биохимии и генетики

Россия, 450054, Уфа; 450064, Уфа

О. В. Кочетова

Уфимский федеральный исследовательский центр Российской академии наук; Башкирский государственный медицинский университет

Email: guly_kory@mail.ru

Институт биохимии и генетики

Россия, 450054, Уфа; 450008, Уфа

В. В. Эрдман

Уфимский федеральный исследовательский центр Российской академии наук; Башкирский государственный медицинский университет

Email: guly_kory@mail.ru

Институт биохимии и генетики

Россия, 450054, Уфа; 450008, Уфа

Г. Ф. Корытина

Уфимский федеральный исследовательский центр Российской академии наук; Башкирский государственный медицинский университет

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: guly_kory@mail.ru

Институт биохимии и генетики

Россия, 450054, Уфа; 450008, Уфа

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2. Рис. 1. Молекулярные механизмы клеточного старения.

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3. Рис. 2. Основные механизмы сиртуин-зависимой модуляции процессов клеточного старения. IGF-1 – инсулиноподобный фактор роста; LKB1 – регуляторная киназа AMPK; PPARγ – гамма-рецептор, активируемый пероксисомными пролифераторами; GDH – глутаматдегидрогеназа; FOXO3 – белок ForkheadboxO3; p65 – субъединица фактора транскрипции NF-κB; p-Akt – серин/треонинпротеинкиназа; UCP2 – разобщающий белок 2; BAX – регулятор апоптоза; S6K1 – рибосомальный белок S6-киназа бета-1; TAK1 – TGF-бета-активированная киназа 1; IDH2 – изоцитратдегидрогеназа 2; CDK9 – циклин-зависимая киназа 9; NPM – нуклеофосмин; NAD+ – никотинамидадениндинуклеотид; RAPTOR – регуляторно-ассоциированный белок mTOR; р-TSC1/2 – белки туберозного склероза 1/2; PGC-1α – коактиватор 1-альфа пероксисомного пролифератор-активируемого рецептора гамма; Ac – ацетилированные субстраты для деацетилазной активности сиртуинов. Сиртуины (SIRT1–SIRT7) являются ключевыми регуляторами клеточного старения, метаболического гомеостаза, репарации ДНК и стресс-ответов. SIRT1 активирует PGC-1α, усиливая митохондриальный биогенез и окисление жирных кислот, а также подавляет воспаление через модуляцию NF-κB. SIRT3 и SIRT5 контролируют митохондриальный антиоксидантный ответ через активацию SOD2 и IDH2. SIRT6 регулирует воспаление, репарацию ДНК и процессы аутoфагии через модуляцию NF-κB и CDK9. SIRT2 контролирует клеточный цикл, реорганизацию цитоскелета и репликативный стресс. SIRT4 подавляет GDH и участвует в митохондриальной репарации, тогда как SIRT7 поддерживает гомеостаз ядерного ДНК и регулирует апоптоз через факторы p53 и NPM. Все сиртуины взаимодействуют с ключевыми сигнальными путями, включая AMPK, mTOR, FOXO, инсулиновый сигналинг и факторы репарации ДНК, обеспечивая координированный ответ на клеточный стресс и продление клеточной жизнеспособности.

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