Housing and communal construction in Kemerovo during the II and III five-year plans (1933–1940)

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Introduction. The first brief scientific reviews of economists, primarily, and historians devoted to housing construction in the USSR in the second and third five-year plans appeared in the late 1940s and 1950s. [1, 8, 18, 21]. In them, experts focused on considering the successes achieved in significantly increasing the volume of new, more comfortable living space for workers in the country and expanding the network of utilities.
Subsequently, the authors, along with highlighting the stages of housing construction in the USSR, analyzed changes in the legislation of Soviet urban planning, pointing out its excessive politicization. It was concluded that the idea of financial "secondary" construction of civilian facilities prevailing in the power structures was erroneous in the context of the implementation of a large-scale industrial program [14, 19].

Studying the problems of development and architectural appearance of cities in various regions of Siberia, modern researchers drew attention to the acute housing crisis and its causes, which in the 1930s the urban population experienced everywhere [10, p. 51, 55]. The capacities of local building materials industry enterprises did not correspond to the tasks assigned to them [19, p. 39]. The cities did not have approved general schemes for the development of their territory. Nevertheless, in relation to Kemerovo, intensive work was underway on the projects of its planning structure [11, 12].
However, the complex of problems associated with the construction of housing and communal facilities, which the city authorities faced and solved with varying success during the construction of the largest coal and chemical complex in the USSR on its territory, has not yet been poorly studied.

Results and their discussion. During the years of the second and third five-year plans, due to frequently changing plans for the placement of industrial enterprises in Kemerovo, the city did not receive an approved general scheme of the territory. Its residential part was mastered through targeted development with residential and public buildings in quarters that became pioneer sites in the construction of Greater Kemerovo with an estimated population: from 550 thousand (1933 project) to 450 thousand (1935 project) and 230 thousand (1941 project) people [10, c. 50, 59, 61]. In connection with the growing crisis in the development of new industrial centers, the resolution of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1934) "On the Second Five-Year Plan for the Development of the National Economy of the USSR (1933-1937)" pointed out the need for accelerated development of housing construction and improvement of urban improvement, construction of houses for workers with communal amenities [20, p. 118].

In Kemerovo, industrial and civil construction, which was under the jurisdiction of various departments, since 1933 was transferred to the newly formed Kemerovo Combine (hereinafter - KKS). In its structure, in addition to the directorate for the construction of enterprises, two departments of housing and communal construction were created - the left-bank and right-bank Zhilkomstroy. The task of implementing the program for the development of the material and technical base of construction, which included six brick factories of the Kemstrom trust (their general production plan in 1933 was 18.3 million units), ore management (4 million units, respectively), Kirpichstroy (2 million units), mechanical plant (1.45 million units), Gorstroytrest (1.5 million units) and Zhilcooperation (1.8 million units) [2, l. 26].

In the 1930s the structure of the urban housing stock reflected the diversity of previous and new practices of securing the population in the territory where several industrial giants of national importance were built at once: 3 mines, a coke and chemical plant, a nitrogen fertilizer plant, chemical plant No. 392, a state district power station and dozens of related enterprises. In the middle of the decade, according to urban planning historian Yu. Zyuzkov, there were 8055 residential buildings in Kemerovo: of which stone - 139, wooden - 5984, dugouts - 2022 The average provision of one resident with living space in comparison with the last year of the first five-year plan (2.6 m ²), decreased in 1935 to 2.4 m ² [12, p. 55].

In the emerging central part of the city, the main building site was the Pritomsky site, designed for 6.5 thousand inhabitants, these are: 16 stone houses (including a residential complex built by 1934 - 4 four-story houses), wooden two-story houses - 21, the rest - one-story wooden. 3.8 thousand people lived in the GRES area, 7.8 thousand people lived in the social city, 39.8 thousand people lived in the territory of old Shcheglovsk (37% of the territory of the entire city) [11, p. 46]. The lower colony (about 15 thousand inhabitants) was located near the coke and chemical plant, with wooden and stone houses, among which about half were two-story, and 4 earthen barracks.
With the beginning of the construction of a nitrogen fertilizer plant (1933) in the immediate vicinity of it, a village of 19 two-story wooden houses arose, designed to accommodate about 2,000 people. Nearby is the village of the Shcheglovskaya mine under construction with 4.1 thousand inhabitants.

There were also 9 "cheats" in the city: 6 in the left-bank part, and 3 on the right bank, in which 18% of the population lived. One of the largest (4.7 thousand inhabitants) was behind the chemical plant. Back in 1931, Moscow journalist N. Strizhkov, who visited Shcheglovsk, expressed his opinion about her: "Low, flattened dugouts, with flat roofs overgrown with weeds, on which instead of pipes drained sheets of rusty iron stick out. No fences, no outbuildings, no vegetable gardens. Flat, low halups covered with uneven tubercles. There are no streets in the "impudent," there is not even a semblance of a layout, there is nothing that gives the impression of a settled human team "[22, p. 50].

Especially unfavorable was the "impudence" in the Shchetinkin log near the state district power station (3.6 thousand people lived on the territory of 7 hectares), where the useful living area per person was only 1.3 m ². The Presidium of the City Council at a meeting on June 4, 1933 supported the initiative of Energostroy to start filling Shchetinkin's log with ash and slag (fuel waste of the state district power station). However, by the end of the 1930s. the process of eliminating the ravine and its "impudence" was still far from complete [5, p. 278].

In the right-bank part of the city there were a number of villages that merged over time and formed continuous development, these are: the village of Kemerovo (1.7 thousand inhabitants), the Tsentralnaya mine area (3.7 thousand inhabitants), the Krasnaya Gorka area (2.1 thousand inhabitants), the bazaar area (2.8 thousand inhabitants). According to the project of E. May in 1932-1934. there were built: the village "Standard" - the eastern part of the right-bank social city (59 wooden two-story houses for 5.3 thousand inhabitants), and the village of "Gerarda" - the western part of the right-bank social city (stone and wooden houses for 1.7 thousand inhabitants) In addition, on the right bank there were "cheats" of the Kemerovo mine (6.3 thousand inhabitants), the hospital area of ​ ​ the Kemerovo mine (1 thousand inhabitants), the Severnaya mine (2.1 thousand inhabitants), Khimstroy - 48 dugouts (0.9 thousand inhabitants), and villages - Severnaya mines (2.1 thousand inhabitants) and Stalmost (1 thousand inhabitants) [12, p. 59-60]. In the new Kirovsky district, next to the chemical plant No. 392 being built, the Stroitel village became the territory of capital residential development. In August 1935, nine of its streets and one square were given names.
In general, the housing stock of the city in the II five-year plan did not meet sanitary standards, and the pace of housing and communal construction significantly lagged behind the growing needs of workers. In this regard, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on April 19, 1935 adopted Decree No. 365 "On the economic and cultural construction of the city of Kemerovo" [3, pages 53-55], which provided for a large list of measures to improve all spheres of city life. 13 million rubles were allocated for housing and communal and socio-cultural construction. In 1936, it was necessary to provide for the construction of the second and third buildings of the city hospital, a tram line, sewers for part of the residential sector, the connection of the city power grid to the district station, the development of bath and laundry facilities, the construction of a sound cinema, a club, the expansion of a network of shops, department stores, sewing and shoe workshops and other communal facilities.
The Stakhanov movement, which unfolded since September 1935 throughout the country, found its followers in the teams of construction organizations. In the city, labor records of workers of various professions, such as masons - Taisiya Uporova, Dolzhenkova, Zakovryazhina, Kalimova; plasterers - S.V. Paphnucheva, B.B. Zheludkova and others [15].

If the construction trusts subordinate to the KKS were to a certain extent protected by the limits on money and material resources issued for a year, then the Gorstroytrest, subordinate to the city council, did not have such opportunities. In 1936, it remained a modest organization, the budget of which during the year by the Presidium of the City Council was often revised downward. For this reason, for three years without an estimate, he built the second building of the hospital, in similar conditions the construction of schools and other social facilities began [6, p. 9].
During the first two five-year plans (1928-1937), up to 112 million rubles were invested in the housing and communal construction of Kemerovo, 290 thousand meters of ² living space, 16 schools, 4 technical schools, 8 baths were commissioned, over 50 km of streets were paved. By the beginning of 1937, with a population of 140 thousand people, the entire housing stock was 405 thousand square meters, that is, 2.89 m of ² per person, which was still less than in 1928/1929 (3 m of ²) [17].

According to the plans of the III five-year plan, it was planned to build 805 thousand meters of ² living space in the city with total costs for the public sector of 280 million rubles. It was planned to significantly expand the water supply and sewerage network, provide electricity to all houses, build capital bridges over the Tom and Iskitimka rivers, 8 baths, 4 laundries and 2 hotels, the House of Soviets and the House of Industry on the left bank, an 8,000-seat city stadium, buildings for a pedagogical school, chemical VTUZ, chemical research institute, museum and central library, and many other civil engineering facilities [16].
However, the lack of a master plan for the city and inconsistency at the local level of actions of various departments negatively affected the state of the municipal sector of the urban economy. By the beginning of 1938, for example, he was entangled in a wire web. In some streets, poles with intertwining telephone, radio, lighting and high-voltage wires stood in six rows. For 10 years (1928-1938), the city council spent about one million rubles on the development of the Kemerovo general plan, but so far there have been no significant results. Because of this, in 1938 the city incurred additional costs, which negatively affected the final results of civil engineering [4, pages 168-168 vol.]. According to the results of 1939, the capital construction plan (68.5 million rubles) was fulfilled only by 76.1%, including industrial - by 98%, housing and communal services and cultural facilities - by 76.2%. Of the 47 thousand meters of ² living space provided for commissioning, 30 thousand meters of ² were actually commissioned. Not completed: two baths (Gorkomkhoz and combine No. 392), a fire station, a tram farm; not started - continuation of the branch of the city sewage system, laundry and canteen of plant No. 392. Half of the schools, kindergartens and clubs planned for delivery were in the same unfinished state. By mid-1940, housing provision on average per person in Kemerovo with a population of 144.4 thousand people slightly increased - up to 3.2 m ², but still remained at a low level [7, p. 43 vol.].
The last pre-war draft of the general layout of Kemerovo was approved by the People's Commissariat of Public Utilities on May 8, 1940. The document provided for the prospect of the development of the city on the left bank of the Tom River in the eastern direction to Sukhovskaya Square inclusive. By March 1941, a draft Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On approval of the general layout of the city of Kemerovo, Novosibirsk Region" was prepared with an estimated population of 230 thousand people [5, pages 103-104]. However, the war prevented the implementation of the plan.

Conclusions. As you can see, in the years II and III of the five-year plans, housing and communal construction in Kemerovo, despite its significant status as the territory of the largest coal and chemical complex in the USSR, experienced difficulties characteristic of all Soviet urban planning. In the absence of an approved city planning scheme, a lack of funding, an increase in the urban population and low-power enterprises of the local construction industry, the construction of communal facilities did not chronically "fit" in the planned time frame and acquired a "passing" character from year to year. Providing the working population with new square meters went along the path of the construction of semi-landscaped stone high-rise buildings with separate apartments and villages near large enterprises with temporary departmental wooden barracks. 

At the same time, three quarters of the urban housing stock were private peasant-type wooden houses, huts and dugouts, located, among other things, in the areas of numerous "cheats." Significant growth in the housing stock in the II and III five-year plans, in general, did not correspond to the scale of industrial development of Kemerovo.

The study was carried out as part of the implementation of the scientific project "Kuzbass as part of the Russian state: socio-economic and socio-political development of the region in the XVII - XX centuries" (AAAA-A21-121011590011-2).

作者简介

Nikolay Morozov

Coal and Coal Chemistry Federal Research Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: oven.77777@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4641-1353

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of History of Southern Siberia

俄罗斯联邦, Kemerovo

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