编号 3 (2025)

In ancient Egypt, the royal festival sd was celebrated a few years after the coronation and was involved in important events during the reign of the monarch. The earliest material sources about celebrations relate to the Nagada culture (IV millennium BC) and the Early Kingdom. They show the scene of the ritual running of the leader/king after the sacred bull − the god Apis. Comparative and iconographic research methods are used. At the same time, the bull was sacrificed. The origins of the ritual of sacrifice go back to the primitive times of hunting life. A collective meal with a slaughtered animal meant communion with the ancestral ancestor. Totemic beliefs have been transformed in the dynamics of the historical process. The sacrifice of the bull was a central ritual during royal holidays, including the sd festival. The purpose of this ritual was to release the spirit of the victim, who was considered as the god. As for the donor, the king confirmed his religious and social status. But in the process of holding the festival, the king himself became a victim. Considering this celebration as a transitional rite, which includes three stages: separation, intermediate and inclusion, allows us to see in it a magico-religious procedure, the experience of symbolic death in the previous state and rebirth in a new capacity. The king confirmed his rights to the Egyptian throne and, as a guarantor of the prosperity of society at the highest level of religious beliefs, restored the victory of cosmic order over chaos.  The iconography of the pharaoh with a bull's tail during the ritual running during the celebration of Hb-sd has been preserved throughout the history of ancient Egypt. The spelling of the phonetic part of the word tail and this festival are identical. This supports the hypothesis that religious and mythological ideas about the king's involvement in the sacred bull with mana projected onto the ruler of Egypt have been preserved for thousands of years. Universal ideas about the sacrifice of the bull and its dismemberment were associated with myths and rituals about the first sacrifice, about dead and resurrected gods, including the Egyptian Osiris, and the bull Apis was considered as his companion, the animal form of the god.

The aim of the work is to determine the attitude of conservative and liberal figures to the national question in the empire at the turn of the century. The difference in ideas on this issue marked the beginning of the demarcation within the right-liberal groups into supporters of autocracy or constitutional monarchy. Using the problem-chronological method, we established the main lines of demarcation on the national question. The ideological leader of the conservative liberals – B.N. Chicherin spoke from the position of the priority of the rights of national minorities, his opponent N.K. Rennenkampf, on the contrary, believed that the shortcomings of national groups determined their subordinate position in the empire. D.A. Milyutin, who tried to “return” Chicherin to the sphere of real politics, met resistance from the latter. For Chicherin, the primacy of human rights was higher than the interests of the state. He energetically protested against the suppression of the rights of the Jewish and Polish peoples. The contradiction between the two moderate liberals became the prologue to the split of their supporters in 1906. The dispute between the three figures is important for understanding how different political groups defined their attitude to the national question on the eve of the first Russian revolution. Thus, this division, initiated by Chicherin, marked the beginning of the final division of right-wing and liberal politicians into conservatives, conservative liberals and liberal conservatives. The future Black Hundreds, legalists (progressives) and Octobrists. The subject of further research could be the study of the division of moderate politicians on such grounds as human rights, the limits of imperial power, etc.

The purpose of the study was to identify sociometric indicators of the anarchic regional elite of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The objectives of the research included identifying representatives of the anarchist provincial political elite, determining the factors that influenced the collective socioportrait of elite regional anarchists, analyzing the social composition of members of the provincial elite of Russian anarchism, and recreating the image of the anarchist regional political elite against the background of the collective portrait of participants in the anarchist movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century as a whole. Joining the leadership of anarchist groups, executive committees of regional councils, and committees in 1917 was accepted as criteria for elitism. The primary source of the study is the electronic prosoprographic database “The Party and political elite of provincial Russia (1890–1920)”, which contains personal data for each representative of the elite: gender, age, social origin, etc. The methodological basis of the research was the principles of science, historicism, and objectivity. As a result of the study, various factors influencing the collective portrait of an elite group (youthful maximalism, national restrictions, social conditions) were identified. The author came to the conclusion that the representatives of the regional elite of the anarchist movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century were mostly Jewish men aged 25–45, who entered politics at the age of 20 at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, who came from and belonged to the lower strata of Russian society, and received a low level of education. A comparative analysis was made of the appearance of the elite group with the social composition of anarchist organizations in general, which is available in historiography. Against the background of the generalized portrait of the Russian anarchist, the representatives of the elite looked older, more educated, and had more political experience. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time in historical science, a socioportrait of the anarchist provincial elite was created on the basis of an electronic database at the beginning of the 20th century at the all-Russian level.

The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (Yugra) had little interest for the Soviet economy until the discovery of "Big Oil" in the early 1960s. The development of unique deposits led to rapid and full-scale industrialization of the Tyumen North, giving a powerful impetus to the development of the country and helping solve economic, social and geopolitical problems. However, it was not possible to fully dispose of extracted wealth due to a number of factors. One of these is the discrepancy between theory and practice in field development. For example, plans for oil production were violated from the beginning, as were plans to create all necessary production and social infrastructure. This article examines why this happened through the example of a specific planning document, the so-called "Baibakov Minimum", which is a colloquial term for "Mandatory Minimum of Preparation Work to be Completed Before Drilling in a Surveyed Area". N.K. Baibakov, Chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee, signed the document. It prohibited the construction of wells in areas that had been explored without the completion of a mandatory amount of preparatory work. However, this regulation was not followed anywhere in the Tyumen region. The failure to comply with this "minimum" reflected the overall situation of the creation of the oil and gas industry. An attempt was made to identify the mutual influence and interdependence of processes that occurred in the country and region during the 1960s and 1980s, and the plans and results of implementing the Yugorsk project were compared.

The study has two purposes. The first one is an overview of potential oral sources. The second is a practical application of the oral history methods and ways of analysis and interpretation of interview data facilitating subjectivity study. In the research, subjectivity is a set of beliefs, experiences, feelings, perceptions and preferences which are belong to the certain individual and form an opinion about of oneself and the environment. Subjectivity show itself as an attitude towards the city, society where a person lived and performed activities, as well as the events experienced. We used oral witness where the narrator told events from his point of view. This creates potential for study subjectivity via oral history methods which subject is perception of past phenomena and processes by an individual with his views and worldview. The materials obtained during the interview are first introduced into research. As the oral history method, we used depth targeted interview allowing to obtain detailed information on the respondent’s perceptions and feelings, his vision of the historical period when he makes his past based on life experience thereby demonstrating subjectivity. For the analysis of the oral sources, we used а narrative method. It based on the linguistic interpretation of a text which is embodied with highlighting semantic dominants, analysis of vocabulary, a way of pronunciation and construction of phrases. It allows you to identify the emotional assessment of the events broadcast by the narrator, as well as the feelings, moods and experiences associated with them. In the reconstructive cross-sectional analysis, we reveal new facts, their confirmation and detailing using oral evidence, combined with other types of sources. Thereby reconstructing the perception of events or phenomena. Finally, the citation method is based on the analysis of a set of statements devoted to a particular issue, which helps to elucidate the perception of the studied phenomenon from new angles.

As a result, based on the potential of the considered methods which purpose are identifying and reconstruction subjectivity, the use of the oral sources for its study seems quite perspective.

The creation of a mass children's organization in modern Russia, the Movement of the First, actualizes the scientific interest of researchers in the activities of pioneer organizations, including their leadership corps. Recognizing that the results of educational activities largely determined the effectiveness of pioneer education, this article aims to identify the features of institutionalization of communities of counselors within pioneer organizations as represented in normative documents and publications (1922–1970). These tasks are defined within the logic of a methodological research program based on the ideas of social constructivism (T. Berger and P. Luhmann), which includes: consideration of the formation process of leadership communities under the influence of socio-cultural factors; description of their specific features and characteristics as an objective reality; analysis of how these communities’ function within the overall context of the organization. Identification of methods, methods and results of the influence of leadership community on individual, group and society. The main sources for research were regulatory documents (resolutions of Komsomol forums) and materials from periodical press. Comparative analysis of these materials allowed to identify time limits and features of stages of institutionalization of professional community of pioneering counselors. At first stage (1922–1935) professional community was formed with unstable, poorly-prepared, poorly aware of tasks, methods, and means of education. Second stage (1936–1950) saw rapid quantitative growth and constant professional training. At the third stage (1950–1970), the importance of pioneer counselors in the upbringing of children and youth was recognized. They developed as a special professional group (pedagogical and ideological) with their own professional communication platforms (congresses, meetings of counselors). The development of this topic may be related to the study of the ethos of a professional group, a specific language, and the identification of unique and typical images of pioneer counselor.